Calculate the Conditional Likelihood utilizing a Contingency Desk

A conditional likelihood accommodates a situation which forces you to focus your consideration to a subset of the pattern area. For instance, an organization might have women and men working for the corporate. Nonetheless, you could wish to reply questions on males solely or females solely. If you’re coping with insurance coverage, you could wish to reply questions on people who smoke solely or non-smokers solely. 

Conditional likelihood utilizing a contingency desk

Right here is how one can discover the conditional likelihood utilizing a contingency desk that we used within the lesson about marginal likelihood. The desk exhibits check outcomes for 200 college students who took a GED check.

From the record of 200 college students, we choose a pupil randomly. Nonetheless, suppose that you simply already know the scholar chosen is a male.

The truth that you recognize the scholar is a male signifies that the occasion has already occurred. And it forces you to focus your consideration solely on males or 102 attainable outcomes.

What’s conditional likelihood?

Realizing that the pupil is a male, you’ll be able to calculate the likelihood that this pupil has handed or failed. This type of likelihood known as conditional likelihood 

The notation to search out the likelihood that ‘a pupil has handed if the scholar is male is

P(a pupil has handed / male)

You would in actual fact compute any of the next 8 conditional chances:

• P(a pupil has handed / male)

• P(a pupil has handed / feminine)

• P(a pupil has failed / male)

• P(a pupil has failed / feminine)

• P(a pupil is male / handed)

• P(a pupil is male / failed)

• P(a pupil is feminine / handed)

• P(a pupil is feminine / failed)

A few examples exhibiting how one can discover the conditional likelihood utilizing a contingency desk

Instance #1

Allow us to compute the P(a pupil has handed /  male).

If the scholar is male, then the scholar will likely be picked from the record of 102 males.

From this record solely 46 college students have handed.

Instance #2

What about P(a pupil is male /  handed) ?

The variety of college students who handed is the same as 114.

From this record, solely 46 college students are males.

Conditional likelihood components

Take an in depth look once more on the following ratio:

Let M be the occasion ‘the scholar is a male’

Let P be the occasion ‘the scholar has handed’

Let P∩M be the occasion ‘the scholar is a male and has handed’

n(P∩M) = variety of male college students who handed = 46

n(M) = complete variety of male college students = 102

We will get the identical reply utilizing likelihood as an alternative of counting. Divide the numerator and the denominator of the ratio instantly above by 200.

P(P∩M) = likelihood {that a} pupil has handed if the scholar is male = 46 / 200 = 0.23

P(M) = likelihood {that a} pupil is male = 102 / 200 = 0.51

We will then conclude that there are two methods to discover a conditional likelihood.

The way to discover the conditional likelihood by counting

The way to discover the conditional likelihood by utilizing the definition of conditional likelihood

Extra examples of conditional likelihood

Instance #3

A card is drawn at random from a regular deck. The cardboard will not be changed. Discover the likelihood that the second card is a king on condition that the primary card drawn was a king. 

Let K1 be occasion ‘the primary card drawn is a king’ and K2 be the occasion ‘the second card drawn is a king’

If a king is drawn and never changed, then there are 3 kings left and the deck will now have 51 playing cards.

P(K2 / K1) = 3/51 ≈ 0.0588

Instance #4

Let H1 be the occasion that the primary toss of a coin is a head and let H2 be the occasion that the second toss of the coin is a head. Present that H1 and H2 are impartial occasions.

Your calculations should present that P(H2 / H1) = P(H2)

The total pattern area is {HH, HT, TH, TT}

H2 = {HH, TH} and P(H2) = 0.50

On condition that the primary toss is a head, we find yourself with {HH, HT} and we’re restricted to those two outcomes to compute P(H2 / H1)

From these two outcomes, we see that HH (half of the two outcomes) has a head because the second toss. 

P(H2 / H1) = 0.5

P(H2 / H1) = P(H2) = 0.5, and thus H1 and H2 are impartial occasions.

This isn’t the case with instance #3 the place the prevalence of an occasion can affect the prevalence of one other. 

In instance #3, P(K2 / K1) = 3/51. Nonetheless, P(K2) = 4/52 = 0.076

Because the first card was not changed or put again within the deck, the likelihood of the second draw clearly depends upon the end result of the primary,